November 2021

What are Thoughts? – History
Let's look at all the famous people who have tried to understand thoughts

what are thoughts?

In the first part of my What are thoughts? series, I discussed basic things about thoughts and the importance of understanding them. This time I want to dive into the history of thoughts – which is nothing but a history of the attempt to understand them.

A Brief History

Throughout history, humans have attempted to understand the nature of thoughts, thinking, mind, heart, and brain.

The Edwin Smith Papyrus of Egypt from c. 1600 BCE is the earliest found documentation of such an attempt. It contains descriptions of the brain and its functions albeit speculative.

It is in Indian Philosophy that the pursuit gains serious consideration and gathers momentum.

The Chandogya Upanishad (600 BCE) describes the mind as an object distinct from the soul. In it, when Narada tells Sanatkumara that he has a thirst for knowledge, Sanatkumara says,

Before satisfying one’s thirst for knowledge, one has to know about the mind…

When Narada expresses further desire to know about the mind, Sanatkumara tells him that to know about the mind one needs to have devotion and before one can have devotion one has to have faith and has to know about concentration, for which, one has to know about happiness as concentration comes only in the pursuit of happiness. When Narada tells he wishes to know about happiness, Sanatkumara tells him the following:

Happiness lies in greatness. You will have to know about greatness. Greatness is that in which nothing can be seen, heard or known. It is immortality, it is the brahman. He is above and below, to the front and behind, to the north and the south. I am the brahman. I am he…Learned ones realize that it is from the atman that one derives the breath of life, hope, memory, sky, energy, water…meditation, emotion, resolution, the mind, speech, names, the mantras and all actions.

These earlier Upanishadic perspectives interpreted thoughts along with everything else as being given by some unitary entity. It further goes on to tell that,

in the physical body exists the heart in which the Brahman resides in minute form. The heart is like the sky, heaven and earth, fire and wind, the sun and the moon, lightning and the stars. Everything in the body is in the heart.

The Katha Upanishad describes the brain as the charioteer and the physical body as the chariot with the atman being the owner and mind the bridle. It talks about the need to pacify the mind without which, the intelligence remains without consciousness.

Describing Brahman, the Katha Upanishad says,

It is through the mind that one can visualize the brahman.

This type of thinking is of Advaita Philosophy which asserts there is only One entity in existence and perceiving otherwise is illusion. The reason things seem elusive and otherwise are due to ignorance and this is due to- Thoughts.

Thoughts are entities that hinder this natural connection of the mind and the brahman.

When there is contemplation of the non-dual Self, then all thoughts vanish and one is established in that Supreme Reality, says Ramana Maharshi, an Advaita monk of the 20th Century.

His philosophy revolves around the concept of Self which is both- every individual’s identity and the only thing in existence. The Self alone is real and there is no other consciousness to know it, for it is consciousness. The distinction between God and Soul too is not real and to know the Self is to be the self. Consciousness is existence.  Mind is only a name for thoughts of which ‘I’ is the support. Mind is truly nothing else but the thought ‘I’.

This way, the Vedic systems of thinking describe thoughts as things that create a perception of duality or diversity in an otherwise uniform existence with only a single entity. Thoughts, therefore, are something to control and eventually destroy. They arise due to the contact with the world with senses.

Buddhism has a general point of view that the thoughts themselves are part of consciousness and are thinkers.

Buddha himself had mentioned various types of consciousness, evolving from sense bases. For instance, visual consciousness arises because of eyes and forms. For them, the concept of contact is significant. Contact being the conjunction of the sense organs with the sensed object. It leads to the birth of feelings.

It is feeling that experiences the desirable or undesirable fruits of an action done. Besides this mental state there is no soul or any other agent to experience the result of an action.

Entire Buddhist thinking is described as follows:

Dependence or cessation of:

  1. Ignorance leads to Conditioning activities
  2. Conditioning activities leads to Relinking Consciousness
  3. Relinking Consciousness leads to Mind and Matter
  4. Mind and Matter leads to Six Sphere of Senses
  5. Six Sphere of Senses leads to Contact
  6. Contact leads to feelings
  7. Feelings lead to Craving
  8. Craving leads to Grasping
  9. Grasping leads to Actions
  10. Actions leads to Birth
  11. Birth leads to decay, death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief, despair.

For them, the mind consists of 52 mental states among which feelings and perception are distinct. The remaining 50 are collectively called volitional activities. Among them, volition or citana is the most important factor. All these psychic states arise in consciousness.

Now, in regards to thoughts, they have a concept called ‘thought-moments’ which are time-limit of consciousness:

There is no moment when one does not experience a particular kind of consciousness, hanging on to some object whether physical or mental. Time limit of such consciousness is called thought-moment. Each thought moment is followed by another.

Consciousness consists of 3 separate instants: genesis, static/development, cessation/dissolution. Each new consciousness is in a state of flow, like a stream, which once gone never returns again.  This consciousness flow occurs without any interruption. Death too, is simply an event for them during which the final thought moment of a life conditions another thought-moment in the subsequent life.

This way the Buddhists look at thoughts as incessant instances in mind which ought to be eventually shut down or extinguished (nibbana).

To be continued…

November 20, 2021 by Articles Life Mind Philosophy 30

Are we Humans civilized yet?

Arthur C. Clarke’s famous short-story The Sentinel (the seed from which 2001: A Space Odyssey sprang) is about a monolith discovered ‘high on the ridge of a great promontory…’ of Moon by an individual in a team of Lunar explorers. The object is too smooth to be natural and had been leveled to support a glittering, roughly pyramidal structure set in the rock like a gigantic many-faceted jewel.

The discoverer is not able to make sense of that object. Looking at it, he is convinced there had once been a lunar-civilization. His first guess after that is that it might be a building or shrine. After that, he wonders if it might be a temple. A closer examination makes him realize that a lot of hard work has been done by the builders to place it there. He guesses Egyptians. His pride doesn’t allow him to admit that the work might have been created by a civilization more advanced than humans!

After throwing a small pebble at the object, he knows he was looking at something that could not have been matched in the antiquity of his own race. He guesses it might be a machine, protecting itself with forces that challenged Eternity. 

Later, he realizes that the object is as alien to the moon as himself. The age of the monolith is then measured and it is revealed that the object was set there before life existed on earth. But, by whom?

Long long ago there must have been very advanced races that must have scaled and passed the heights of present-humans. But they must have been lonely in a young universe. This may have eventually prompted them to search star clusters for intelligence. But all they must have found was emptiness or mindless things. The Earth must also have been the same. The wanderers, looking at the Earth, must have guessed that a the distant future, there would be intelligence there. They must have left the monolith as a beacon that signalled the presence of other civilizations. But they placed it on the moon and not on the Earth, because-

Its builders were not concerned with races still struggling up from savagery. They would be interested in our civilization only if we proved our fitness to survive- by crossing space and so escaping from the Earth, our cradle. That is the challenge that all intelligent races must meet, sooner or later…it depends in turn upon the conquest of atomic energy and the last choice between life and death.

Clarke wrote this story in 1948. WW2 was just over and humanity was still amazed, shocked and terrified at its new-found-tool, The Atomic Bomb.

Humans were just beginning to get out of the Earth. It was only 8 years later that humans saw the first rocket to enter the Exosphere.

Clarke simply tries to send a message – Such weapons have the capacity to exterminate humanity. A massive world exists outside of us. We are nothing yet. We have seen nothing yet. So, we better behave!

73 years have passed since this story. Humans have survived the threat. Humans have reached further, deeper and seen clearer.

But what did humans do after reaching space conveniently?

We waged a cold-war where the outer space was merely a playground of strategic purposes! The same story continues today…

A monolith hasn’t yet been discovered. Nor has there been any concrete sign of other civilizations. There has been a constant though- Threats still exist.

Therefore, a question remains relevant:

Are we humans safe from ourselves?

Let us define Civilization as the stage of a creature where it can satisfy both the conditions:

a. build great things and

b. doesn’t have a threat from itself.

Similarly, let us define Savagery as:

The stage where a creature has internal conflicts of such magnitude that it has a threat from itself (irrespective of what it builds).

With these definitions, a weird thing appears:

Animals and creature which we call ‘lower’ and ‘unintelligent’ seem to be in the same stage of civilization as us! 

Yes, they do not build rockets and computers, but they do not destroy themselves and their environment either.

So, what is stopping us?

What is responsible for our savagery? For our non-civilization?

In 1950, only the US and the USSR had nuclear weapons. Today, 9 nations possess them. While no one would be stupid enough to use them, they have become a crucial strategic tool. But that doesn’t mean, the dangers have been swept aside:

The greatest nuclear dangers reside in the increase in dangerous military practices between the United States and China, Russia and the United States, India and China, and Pakistan and India.

This goes to show that Clarke’s designation of savagery yet persists. In other words, we are still savages and are not yet civilized as we still have threats from ourselves, no matter what we have built.

The present Climate Crisis and the complications it has brought also proves the same.

Yes, for Clarke back then, the parameter of non-savagery was the ability to reach the vast expanse above. And man has reached there. But man hasn’t been able to disengage from the catastrophic threats imposed on itself, by itself. Outer Space is yet another battlefield!

As to the answer to the questions of what is stopping us; what is responsible for our savagery; for our non-civilization,

This kind of threat exists today for: International-Politics.

The same organizational-structural-system that almost ended it all!

What amazes me when I hear about the past is that we haven’t been able to find an alternative political system or be harmonious with the present one- although we have managed to peek into our cells, brains and wherenot!

Nor have we been able to be brave enough to modify this obsolete system even when we have located alternatives.

What I mean by ‘obsolete system’ is that which is at constant war with itself and has the following characteristics:

  • Centralized Power
  • Identity Politics

In simple terms- National Systems.

Isn’t it time we moved on from nations and nationalities? Or at least establish a mechanism that will not allow us to destroy us for petty things? They were created by kings and princes with swords. For themselves! There are none left now and swords are already obsoletely obsolete things for museums.

We may have left the Earth, but we are still stuck in our own heads.

This proves that humans are still immature. Perhaps Clarke should have placed the monolith at Alpha Centauri. 

From this viewpoint, it seems we humans are not civilized as long as we have the prevalent National Systems…or at least until we modify them!

November 16, 2021 by Earth and Space Life Philosophy Society and Humanity Technology Uncategorized World 29

Thought Management through Phone Wallpapers
Combine two things that are closest to you!

use phone wallpapers for thought management
I was scrolling through  my phone photos when I noticed something —

Four years ago, for the first time in my life, I had edited a photo of a page from my diary with ‘Goals’ on its header.

I know, there’s nothing special there. All I had done was use the vignette tool to make the center of the page brighter.

Here’s that image:

phone wallpaper for thought management

Image I had used as phone wallpaper for thought management

The significance of this information is that   it was the first time I had used a photo of a self-written-text as my wallpaper in order to remind myself what I was about and what I was to do. It was the beginning of thought management through phone wallpapers.

That particular photo is followed by other photos in my phone. There are a lot more photos with similar design: A page of a diary vignetted.

I guess that marked the beginning of a habit that still persists in me — Designing and using phone  wallpapers for my thought-management. It has been more than five years within which I have collected some solid experience on it. That’s the reason why I wanted to talk about it.

Phone-Wallpapering for thought-management is a regular and natural activity for me. Whenever I have a new idea, new structure or a new paradigm, I either draw it in a paper, take a photo or use a photo editing app. It has proved to be useful. I like to call it: Mind-supplement-in-abstracto. 

Phones are without a doubt the most useful and personal technological devices. We learn, work, communicate and entertain ourselves in them. We spend almost all of our time with them (around).

They now play a role no other technology ever has. 

This possibly makes the phone screen the most viewed thing in our normal day, both in terms of frequency and duration.

Into the inner phone experience, the wallpaper or the background is the most general component. In terms of design, it is a base in which everything is built and exists. Apps come and go, change places. But the background remains!

This nature of the phone background and our high phone usage makes the background an ideal thing to replicate what we would like to have in the background of our minds.

Thoughts come and go. But the purpose remains!

This is why I used the term: Thought-Management. It is about using the phone wallpaper to manage our thoughts in the way they ought to be managed. In a way they will be managed!

That’s why the term Phone Wallpapers for thought management. 

Almost everyone who uses a phone keeps a wallpaper which is supposed to inspire or remind the person of what s/he is all about. After that, they look for aesthetics. It is done for symbolism. Everyone does it naturally. But what I am trying to put across is that, our thoughts are not as simple as that. Therefore, this task of phone wallpapering for our thoughts has to be taken more seriously and methodically.

Our minds are not naïve. They won’t obey what we would want them to obey! Things don’t work that way. the mind likes to counter-reason, it likes to explore, it likes to confuse! Providing it with only one vision and trying to discipline it on it is absurd.

A way to control or manage it is by using the phone-wallpaper more effectively:

The wallpaper has to be designed in such a manner that it addresses all aspects of our life and mind. The wallpaper has to address the confusions too.

One of the most popular result that shows up when we search for ‘phone wallpapers’ is of the night sky with stars, constellations and all that. The reason for their popularity is because, one they are aesthetically pleasing and two, because they provide context of what and where we are in this cosmos and what magic is/awaits us.

Such wallpapers provide inspiration and context. But they won’t be able to address all of our questions and doubts. For instance, when a part of us is concerned with our current income and expenditure, such lofty inspiration can hardly be of use. What use of the information that we are here in this vast unknown, smaller than a speck of dust, when our bellies are craving the next meal!

Yes, I know they are supposed to provide metaphysical/spiritual base. But if we are talking about using phone backgrounds effectively, it surely has to do more than that!

If our human mind was to focus on a single thing, there wouldn’t be the need for thoughts and thinking.

I consider thoughts to be useful. Not something to suppress or extinguish —  as others like to believe. Thoughts can and should be managed if we want to go to territories never gone before.

My pursuit is to open them up. To revolutionize human thinking.

If we want wallpapers to be our Mind-supplement we have to dig and design deeper.

We have to move beyond symbolism.

Here we are talking about using wallpapers to communicate to our mind all the things that we want to have communicated. A night sky wallpaper in the background with the current goals and obstacles written could be a good solution. This way our mind will notice the cosmic/metaphysical context along with the financial/moral whatever —just the way we want it!

What we can do is draw diagrams, make bullets — whatever we do to organize our mind —  and set it as the wallpaper of our phone.

I have discovered space-effectiveness. Which is the art of placing certain components at certain parts of the wallpaper for the best effect. I also have my ideas about image placing, text placing, color-usage and all that. But I will talk about all that later.

My idea with this was to roughly talk about phone-wallpapering. I would love to hear how you use your wallpaper as I have no idea how others have been doing it!

November 15, 2021 by Life Mind Philosophy Technology 0

What are Thoughts?
Let us try to see what thoughts are

What are thoughts?

It is the kind of activity I am doing right now which both amazes and amuses me on being a human being. What I mean to say is in regards to the act of thinking, questioning and investigating thoughts. What are thoughts, by the way?

It is through thoughts that we understand and know everything beyond our bodily sensations.

On occasions where we try to understand the thoughts itself, it creates a very peculiar situation of:

A thing doing that onto itself that it is supposed to do on something else. 

Is it even possible?

Let us see where else such situations arise. Beginning with other organs of the human body.

Thinking about thoughts is equivalent to the heart pumping itself. The eyes seeing itself, skin sensing itself, tongue tasting itself, teeth biting itself, hair and nails covering itself, fingers holding itself, brain understanding itself and likewise.

Beyond organs, such situations exist in the following general cases:

Thinking about thoughts is equivalent to a creature consuming itself.

A snake poisoning/swallowing itself, a lion eating itself, a mosquito/vampire sucking its own blood and so on.

It is like a hammer hammering itself, a knife cutting itself, a gun shooting on itself, a lighter lighting itself.

Let us name such activities. Let us pick a name.

I have picked a name. Let’s call it: Self-Execution.

It is immediately apparent that it is not the function of any organ or system to do unto itself that which it is supposed to do to something else. Self-Executing is unnatural. Doesn’t the same apply to thoughts?

Is thought understanding necessary? More so, is it even possible?

In regards to the necessity of understanding our own thoughts, let us make a small experiment by pretending we know nothing about them.

Let us assume, we don’t know what kind of pattern they follow from one to another nor do we know what kind of law they obey in terms of the circumstances in which they spring or not-spring.

This implies we know nothing about reasoning/logic and psychology.

Now let us put ourselves in a situation where there are five of us in the middle of a forest and you, the individual, are the only one who has a small loaf of bread.

What does this do to us?

Will you be able to safely deal with the situation and ensure everyone comes out of the forest relatively calm and happy?

My guess is No, you can’t. You do not have the skill of reasoning that will tell you what are the best options and actions to take nor do you have the understanding of how your actions will affect your friends. All this will probably lead you to doing something that is unreasonable considering the situation..

Hasn’t this immediately turned us into hopeless beings troubled by great confusion and emotional turmoil?

One thing though is clear in regards to understanding thoughts as self-executive systems: Understanding thoughts is as important as understanding our physical body and in its organs.  

But this immediately begs some questions- What are thoughts actually? How do we define it? What are their domains and boundaries?

One of the best approaches to thought-understanding comes from Thomas Hobbes, the British Philosopher. He defines thoughts as representation or appearances of objects which originate from our senses. Imagination for him is nothing but the residue of the sensed while Mental Discourse or thinking he defines as the succession of one thought to another. Every other cognitive faculty is developed from this basic principle for him.    

It is clear that, for Hobbes, everything we humans do mentally, originates from senses which are then interpreted as thoughts. Therefore, our each and every mental activity from contemplation to emotions are nothing but thoughts- generated from senses emerging from the brain. 

From a slightly different viewpoint, Khaptad Baba, the doctor turned spiritualist is of the opinion that thoughts have special forms of their own. He believes that the origin of thoughts are atomic in nature which are very subtle. In fact, so much that there is nothing in this world that is more subtle. For him too, thoughts originate from the brain:

Thoughts originate from the brain…Brain is more powerful and complete compared to other machines. Brain has such dazzling energy that it cannot even be described. 

Like Hobbes, he too describes Thoughts as the original entities of all human cognitive actions. Therefore, our each and every mental activity contemplation to emotions are nothing but development of thoughts which emerges from the brain. 

In regards to the origin of thoughts, neuroscience tells us the following:

Neurons release brain chemicals, known as neurotransmitters, which generate these electrical signals in neighboring neurons. The electrical signals propagate like a wave to thousands of neurons, which leads to thought formation…One theory explains that thoughts are generated when neurons fire. Our external environment (such as home, relationships, media, etc.) leads to a pattern of neuron firing, which results in a thought process.

On the other hand, @Deepak Chopra is of the opinion that brain has nothing to do with the origin process and it is merely a medium, a vessel:

If you want to experience the highest values in life — love, compassion, beauty, creativity, joy, and higher consciousness — your brain isn’t the right place to turn. These experiences exist in your awareness, waiting to emerge. The brain cannot give you these experiences, because contrary to popular belief, the brain isn’t aware. It transmits thoughts the way a television transmits pictures on the screen. No one would say that TVs produce the shows they transmit, yet we say this about the brain all the time…It is pure illusion to mistake the brain for the mind.

Perspectives aside, we humans have not been able to clearly and concretely understand what thoughts actually are. This is something of great controversy and debate that has been going on forever it seems! Yet, people have tried and have continued to try.  

In the next part, we shall investigate the attempts made to define and understand thoughts. For now, however, let us define thoughts as – everything that the brain does that is not physiological and as:

Something through which we understand and know everything beyond mere sensations.

In regards to the need to understand it, let us accept that anything we humans understand properly is always helpful in one way or the other for us. For this will allow us to move ahead without much confusion and restlessness. Additionally, under the self-execution system of knowing, now we have a valid reason too: Understanding thoughts is as important as understanding the heart, if not more!

 

November 11, 2021 by Articles Life Mind Philosophy 30
Adesh Acharya
Hey, I am Adesh. Welcome to my world! I am a Life & Mind Explorer, Self-Explorer, Creator, Writer. Come take a journey of mind, life and the world with me through this website.

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